What is threat and error management (TEM)?

Threat and error management (TEM) is best defined as a conceptual framework that provides a comprehensive understanding of how safety and human performance interact, particularly in complex and dynamic operational environments. By acknowledging the influence of various external threats and human errors on operational safety, TEM allows professionals in aviation to proactively identify strategies that enhance safety and performance.

This approach focuses on the identification of both threats—factors that can lead to safety challenges—and errors—mistakes made by human operators. By understanding the interplay between these elements, organizations can develop training and operational procedures that enhance decision-making, improve awareness, and foster a safety culture that mitigates risks effectively.

In contrast to the other options, which focus on more specific aspects of safety management, TEM encompasses a broader operational perspective, making it essential for maintaining safety and operational efficiency in environments where conditions can change rapidly and unpredictably.