What are the three basic components of threat and error management (TEM)?

The three basic components of threat and error management (TEM) are threats, errors, and undesired aircraft states. This framework is essential for understanding how to prevent and manage safety risks in aviation operations.

Threats refer to any external factors that can compromise safety or performance, such as adverse weather conditions or mechanical failures. Errors are the mistakes made by operators, which can occur at various stages during the operation, potentially leading to safety issues. Undesired aircraft states represent the resulting conditions when a threat and/or error leads to a situation that could affect safety, such as an unexpected altitude loss or a stall.

Identifying and managing these three components helps in developing effective safety management strategies and improving operational performance, ensuring that aviation professionals are better equipped to handle potential challenges in their practice. Understanding the interrelationships among these components is crucial for fostering a safety-oriented culture within aviation operations.